Making batteries safer by understanding the important thing thermodynamic variations between the preferred cell chemistries
Whereas NMC cells dominate the present era of US and European BEVs, rising price pressures are forcing OEMs to take a more durable take a look at LFPs. Regardless of their decrease vitality density, LFP cells are nonetheless vulnerable to single-cell thermal runaway, and controlling its propagation to adjoining cells stays a prime precedence. To correctly handle thermal runaway propagation (TRP), pack designers should first perceive the three key thermodynamic variations between the 2 cell varieties.
First, NMC cells set off extra simply. The chart under exhibits two equally sized prismatic cells triggered into thermal runaway with an exterior heating pad. The NMC cell goes unstable at a temperature of 160°C, whereas the LFP holds regular as much as 230°C. This deeper thermal nicely, mixed with LFPs’ higher dimension and weight for a similar vary, supplies an LFP pack with extra thermal mass than its NMC counterpart. The thermal mass of adjoining cells is among the few benign pathways that stray vitality can take throughout a runaway occasion (the opposite being rejection by way of the pack’s cooling system). Whereas cell-to-cell conduction by itself can not take up the complete brunt of a runaway occasion, thermal mass can present extra time for occupants to tug over and get away from the car.
Second, NMC cells burn hotter than LFPs. As soon as pushed into thermal runaway, the NMC cell-face temperature peaks at 800°C, whereas the LFP solely spikes to 620°C. That is considerably paradoxical since, regardless of their decrease vitality density, calorimetry exhibits that LFP cells usually have a better gasoline content material per amp-hour of storage capability. Nevertheless, as a result of NMCs smuggle extra elemental oxygen into the cell, their combustion effectivity and, due to this fact, warmth launch is increased.
Lastly, the ejection phenomena related to every cell chemistry are very totally different. When an NMC cell goes into thermal runaway, there tends to be a 10- to 30-second interval through which liquid, fuel, and stable supplies are violently ejected by way of the cell vent. These stable supplies are sometimes bits of aluminum, carbon, and burning plastic. So NMC cells carry all three components of the fireplace triangle – gasoline, oxygen, and an ignition supply – to a thermal runaway occasion. The ensuing torch-and-grit blast can burn by way of all however the sturdiest enclosure supplies and blankets the encompassing cells in flaming gases and particles. Managing these flows is among the most troublesome elements of designing a TRP-resistant NMC pack.
In distinction, LFP cells are inclined to emit largely smoke and fuel which, though sizzling, is often not actively combusting. Whereas subsequent combustion and even explosions are doable, the inside of an LFP pack is often oxygen-starved throughout a thermal runaway occasion, so these dangers exist primarily outdoors the car. Additional, the entire mass ejected from an LFP thermal runaway is barely 20-25% of the unique cell mass, versus 40-50% for an NMC. So, each the hazard stage and amount of LFP ejecta are decrease than that of NMC designs.
Briefly, controlling thermal propagation in an NMC pack is primarily about fuel administration and secondarily about direct cell-to-cell warmth switch. In an LFP pack, that dynamic is reversed. That is lucky: with the appearance of aerogel thermal boundaries equivalent to PyroThin cell boundaries, cell-to-cell warmth switch is now a solved drawback. Managing combustion gases and flaming ejecta stays stubbornly onerous to handle.
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