The dry electrode coating course of has the potential to allow the manufacturing of higher, greener, less expensive batteries. It depends on superior fluoropolymer binders with Teflon™
For a couple of years now, Charged has been reporting on how dry electrode coating processes have the potential to revolutionize battery manufacturing by eliminating the usage of hazardous, environmentally dangerous solvents. Taking the solvents out of the method can translate to massive financial savings in value and flooring house within the manufacturing unit—and the dry coating course of may also allow designers to enhance battery efficiency.
The dry electrode coating course of depends on the usage of particular binders that may type an electrode coating with out being dissolved in a solvent, reminiscent of fluoropolymer binders with Teflon™ from specialty chemical firm Chemours.
To study some great benefits of the dry coating course of, and the way firms are assembly the challenges concerned in scaling the know-how up from pilot to manufacturing scale, Charged spoke with Tejas Upasani, International EV Know-how Supervisor at Chemours.
Tejas Upasani: We wish to name Chemours “a startup firm with 200 years of historical past.” We spun out of DuPont in 2015, and we’ve got main manufacturers in varied industries, together with semiconductors and automotive. Below our Superior Efficiency Supplies enterprise, we’ve got manufacturers you may acknowledge, reminiscent of Teflon™, Nafion™ and Viton™.
Now we’re experiencing progress in our merchandise in a brand-new subject—the dry electrode coating course of—and I’m actually excited to see how Chemours can help the scale-up of this new software.
Within the dry course of, most of the substances stay the identical—related energetic supplies, related conductive components. What actually adjustments is the binder.
Charged: Are you able to stroll us by the fundamental benefits of the dry electrode coating course of versus the standard moist slurry-based course of?
Tejas Upasani: The dry coating course of is a novel manner of producing cathode and anode electrodes in lithium batteries.
Within the conventional moist slurry course of, we’ve got the energetic substances, we’ve got the conductive components, and we use a selected binder which must be dissolved in a solvent. As soon as all these substances are combined collectively, we create what known as a slurry. That slurry needs to be coated onto a present collector. At that time, the operate of the solvent is finished, so we dry off the solvent and we get a pleasant coating on the present collector.
Within the dry course of, most of the substances stay the identical—related energetic supplies, related conductive components. What actually adjustments is the binder. On this case, we’ll be utilizing superior fluoropolymer binders with Teflon™ which, due to its distinctive properties, doesn’t must be dissolved in any solvent. It could type the coating because it goes by the processing steps by a course of known as fibrillation, which principally varieties all the coating on the present collector.
Why is the dry course of advantageous over the moist slurry course of? We are able to take a look at this from three completely different angles.
One is that it’s way more environmentally pleasant. The moist slurry course of makes use of NMP [N-Methylpyrrolidone], which is a hazardous solvent. In an effort to eliminate the solvent within the moist slurry course of, it has to undergo a collection of ovens. If there isn’t a want for the solvent, then the hazards related to the solvent are eliminated.
The second half is manufacturing prices. In the event you take a look at how a lot house is required for the moist slurry course of, by some estimates, it’s 10 occasions the house in comparison with the dry course of, so there’s an amazing quantity of financial savings of flooring house that may be achieved with the dry course of.
The third facet is that it allows higher efficiency of the batteries. With the dry course of, we will make thicker electrodes, which may also help with enhancing energy density.
Superior fluoropolymer binders from Chemours are actually on the coronary heart and heart of that course of.
Charged: Is that this one thing that would assist to cut back charging occasions?
Tejas Upasani: It doubtlessly may. There’s loads of testing that’s being performed proper now, evaluating the moist slurry course of and the dry course of. If you’ll be able to go to the next loading with the dry electrode course of—say, all the best way to eight or 9 milliamp-hours per sq. centimeter—we will see aggressive or greater charging charges in comparison with a traditional loading of the moist slurry course of, which is about 3 to 4 milliamp-hours per sq. centimeter now. A lot of this work is finished at lab scale or pilot scale, however because the know-how matures and we begin seeing higher course of applied sciences, these might be realized in real-life situations as properly.
Charged: Is dry electrode coating presently in manufacturing?
Tejas Upasani: We’re within the early levels of the event course of. Some {industry} gamers are at manufacturing scale. For instance, on Battery Day in 2020, Tesla introduced that they needed to provide their 4680 cells in a dry electrode course of. And on Investor Day in 2023, the corporate introduced that they’d efficiently carried out business manufacturing of the dry electrode course of. PowerCo, a subsidiary of Volkswagen, has introduced that they’ll deploy and commercialize the dry electrode course of at many alternative places. LG Power Options has introduced related plans.
However because it stands proper now, we’re seeing all the spectrum—lab, pilot, pre-production, manufacturing—of adoption of the dry electrode course of.
We expect that cell producers and OEMs within the subsequent two to 5 years are going to be in several levels. Some are going to be at pilot scale. Others are going to advance into manufacturing scale. However because it stands proper now, we’re seeing all the spectrum—lab, pilot, pre-production, manufacturing—of adoption of the dry electrode course of.
Charged: Are there any main technical hurdles that we nonetheless have to get previous earlier than this may be extensively adopted?
Tejas Upasani: Definitely there are hurdles. Everyone’s making an attempt to develop the method, they usually’re making an attempt to guarantee that the right mixing and calendaring might be performed so as to create a uniform construction. A few of the technical hurdles must do with binders and the dry electrode processes enabled by understanding the fibril community of PTFE [polytetrafluoroethylene].
Using PTFE and the resultant fibril community has been understood for many years, and we, as inventors of PTFE, have invested loads of science behind understanding the fibril community, however it usually has been utilized to industries the place PTFE is the dominant element within the software. For instance, in case you take a look at your normal plumber’s tape (Teflon™ tape), it makes use of precisely the identical precept of fibrillation. That’s why you may pull it in a single course simply, however within the transverse course, you may simply break it aside.
It’s the identical on this software—we’re making an attempt to manage the fibrillation by the blending course of and thru the calendaring course of. Chemours has invested closely in creating varied varieties of superior fluoropolymer binders with PTFE. These have a variety of various molecular weights and completely different polymer architectures, and all of those are meant to allow the right fibrillation traits inside the electrode course of.
On the cathode facet, usually PTFE is oxidatively very steady…it’s a really promising software. On the anode facet there is likely to be reductive stability challenges related to conventional PTFE, and so utilizing conventional PTFEs won’t be the optimum resolution.
Conventional PTFE might have challenges on the anode facet. On the cathode facet, usually PTFE is oxidatively very steady. One of many benefits is which you can go to greater voltages and it nonetheless is steady at higher-voltage functions. So, on the cathode facet, it’s a really promising software.
On the anode facet there is likely to be reductive stability challenges related to conventional PTFE, and so utilizing conventional PTFEs won’t be the optimum resolution. That’s one of many explanation why we’re creating loads of completely different merchandise and making an attempt to know the mechanism of why conventional PTFE will not be steady on the anode facet. And as soon as we perceive that mechanism, how can we remedy that? There’s an amazing quantity of labor occurring internally and with our exterior companions as properly to try to perceive and remedy these hurdles.
Charged: One of many challenges is adhesion. The dry materials has to bond to the electrode floor, however the flat floor and lack of texture could make that tough.
Tejas Upasani: The {industry} proper now could be utilizing what we name carbon-coated present collectors. They’ve sure coatings on the present collectors, and when the dry course of movies are made, these get laminated onto that carbon-coated present collector.
That’s the answer that the {industry} has at this level, and it’s working pretty properly in each anode and cathode processes. Now, if we needed to immediately laminate the movie onto the present collector with none carbon coating, then that’s a bit little bit of an issue, and we’re engaged on it proper now.
We’re taking a look at ways in which we will alter the chemistry of the polymers themselves so as to get higher adhesion to the present collectors. If we have been capable of immediately laminate onto the present collector, why have this carbon coating?
We’re taking a look at ways in which we will alter the chemistry of the polymers themselves so as to get higher adhesion to the present collectors. If we have been capable of immediately laminate onto the present collector, why have this carbon coating? Eliminating the coating reduces the fee. I feel which may come, however proper now the main target is on scaling up the know-how with coated present collectors.
Charged: The method wants to cut back the quantity of binder and different inactive materials to the same degree as that of moist coating, however this may be costly and laborious to scale up.
Tejas Upasani: Yeah. Sure cell chemistries require rising the quantity of inactive materials, particularly on the cathode facet, whereas there are some cell chemistries the place we’re taking a look at binder loadings of lower than 2%, and in some instances even lower than 1%.
So, it’s already being labored on, making an attempt to cut back the quantity of inactive supplies. It does require loads of course of optimization as a result of, as you may think about, the small quantity of binder is holding up all the powder chemistry. So, loads of course of know-how, together with the fabric enhancements that we’re doing in creating new supplies and developing with completely different polymer chemistries, goes to allow even additional reductions of the quantity of inactive supplies.
Charged: One other problem is uniformity—the dry coating combination must be uniform throughout giant areas of the battery electrodes.
Tejas Upasani: I don’t assume uniformity challenges are essentially restricted to the dry coating course of. There are strategies which were developed within the moist slurry course of to know that the viscosity is correct or the solids content material is correct, and that may assist us to know that the uniformity of the slurry can be good.
As soon as the blending is finished homogeneously, the fantastic thing about the dry electrode course of is that, as soon as it’s laminated onto the present collector, the coating course of is finished. You don’t have any motion or settling of the substances.
Within the dry course of, it’s related, besides that we’re coping with all of the powders. There are analytical strategies and instruments which are being developed so as to confirm that these powders are combined accurately—the energetic supplies, carbon black and binders, they must be combined actually homogeneously. As soon as the blending is finished homogeneously, the fantastic thing about the dry electrode course of is that, as soon as it’s laminated onto the present collector, the coating course of is finished. You don’t have any motion or settling of the substances. In a moist slurry course of, in case you have been to make a thick electrode, because the solvent is drying off, these substances might begin to settle through the drying course of.
Charged: So, your organization would companion with the producer to find out the perfect combine.
Tejas Upasani: Sure. And all through our historical past, we’ve got checked out software improvement. That is what we’ve got performed at Chemours for many years. We don’t wish to simply say to the purchasers, “Right here’s a fabric, use it.” We don’t wish to say that we’re only a provider. We don’t wish to cease there. We wish to guarantee that we contribute to the success of our prospects as properly.
There are strategies out there to know the blending homogeneity, that are very R&D-based, and we’re doing a few of that work, but when somebody is doing this on a manufacturing foundation at a producing web site, they aren’t going to have time to take a pattern, go into the R&D lab and look forward to days so as to get the outcomes. So, after we are creating these strategies internally, we are attempting to develop a technique which goes to be in step with manufacturing characterization and evaluation.
Charged: Are you able to inform us about your superior fluoropolymer binders with Teflon PTFE?
Tejas Upasani: Understanding the fibrillation traits is actually the important thing in enabling the dry electrode course of. We have now a spectrum of various merchandise, which can be found to be utilized in a batch mixing course of, or in a steady mixing course of. Not all of our prospects are going to make use of the very same manner of producing it, so making an attempt to tailor our merchandise to their wants is the important thing.
And on condition that we’ve got tried all different types of chemistries for our superior fluoropolymer binder merchandise, it’s simpler for us to know what precisely goes to have an effect on the fibrillation traits, and consequently the mechanical properties of those supplies.
Additionally, Chemours is the one fluoropolymer producer who has manufacturing websites in all three main areas—the US, Europe and Asia/Pacific. After we take into consideration a state of affairs the place the manufacturing goes to be scaled as much as a manufacturing scale, we’ve got the pliability of getting the merchandise being made at completely different places and supporting our prospects with the identical high quality, the identical security requirements and identical requirements utilized to accountable manufacturing.
Charged: We’ve heard about some proposed laws in Europe round PFAS that would influence PTFE. What influence would this have on dry electrode coating?
Tejas Upasani: I’m glad that you simply requested the query, as a result of typically it’s the elephant within the room after we are speaking with our {industry} companions.
We at Chemours firmly imagine that our fluoropolymers might be manufactured responsibly, and we’re in favor of industry-wide nationwide laws and testing necessities, that are based mostly on science and info—data-driven laws and testing strategies, we’re fully in favor of that.
We spend loads of time, cash and assets in figuring out the sources of emissions from manufacturing fluoropolymers, and putting in abatement methods so as to management these emissions. We’re additionally participating closely in making an attempt to develop alternate manufacturing applied sciences. All of those are steps that we’re taking so as to meet the wants of potential regulation.
If we take a look at the EU laws, significantly, it’s not essentially confined to PTFE. PVDF, which is a fluoropolymer used within the moist slurry course of, is also doubtlessly impacted by the identical laws.
Fluoropolymers basically are important to lithium-ion batteries, they usually’re important for us to transition to a clear power setting. So, we wish to be companions within the regulation to guarantee that the laws deal with the issues, and that these merchandise are manufactured in a accountable manner, and we’re dedicated to doing each issues.
This text first appeared in Concern 69: July-September 2024 – Subscribe now.
